Given those clinicafundadoresarmenia.com numbers, surprisingly little is known about menstrual blood itself.
Sara Naseri, a doctor, hopes to change that with her healthcare start-up Qvin. She believes that testing this largely-ignored monthly blood sample could offer ground-breaking new health insights.
Backing up this hypothesis will take time, however, as there is not much research on menstrual blood.
While still in medical school, Dr Naseri could find only one study on menstrual blood, a 2012 paper that described its composition and structure and found 385 proteins that are unique to menstrual blood.
As well as blood, menstrual effluent contains vaginal secretions, cervical mucus, and endometrial cells. The endometrium is a membrane that lines the uterus and thickens every month to support embryo implantation. If pregnancy doesn’t occur, this lining is shed through the vagina.
“Blood is the most commonly-used bodily fluid for medical decision-making,” says Dr Naseri. “I thought: ‘Women bleed every month. Why has nobody used this blood for health purposes?'”
The team at Qvin are trying to bridge the research gap by conducting a broad range of studies to assess if there are meaningful correlations between menstrual blood and blood taken from a vein or pricked finger.
Initial results have been promising but further studies are required.
If reliable parallels can be proven, testing menstrual blood could become a viable method of monitoring or diagnosing a range of common health conditions.
For example, if the biological markers for cholesterol or blood sugar levels are found to be equivalent, menstrual blood tests could be used as a monthly means of monitoring cardiovascular conditions or diabetes.
However, the real potential lies in finding non-invasive ways to diagnose and treat conditions that affect the female reproductive system.
A lack of research into female reproductive diseases has resulted in slow diagnosis times, relatively few treatment options, and tests that are often painful and distressing for the patient.
In the UK, just 2.1% of medical research funding goes to reproductive conditions, despite research showing that 31% of women experience severe issues with their reproductive health.
Less than half of those affected will seek medical help.
As well as a lack of research and precedent, seeking to test menstrual blood means negotiating a lot of resistance and societal taboos.
Berlin-based start-up Theblood struggled to find a lab partner that would agree to analyse menstrual blood samples.
“We have to do everything from scratch, from the very, very start. Labs will test saliva, urine, or stool samples but there’s just nothing for menstrual blood,” says Theblood co-founder Miriam Santer.
Dr Christine Metz, a professor and endometriosis researcher at the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health on Long Island, New York, believes that a “yuck factor” is a large part of the reason there’s been so little research into period blood.
“When we set out to collect menstrual effluent to study it, I had several physicians tell us that they can’t ask their patients to do that,” she says. “[But when] we [put a call out on] social media, we got 6,000 people in our registry. Obviously, they got beyond the yuck factor.”
Testing menstrual blood has never been part of clinical gynaecology practice.
Endometriosis is one of the most common gynaecological conditions. It’s extremely painful and occurs when tissue that normally lines the uterus grows on the outside of other organs in the pelvic cavity. It affects roughly 10% of women and girls. Diagnosis can take up to 12 years and can only be confirmed through surgery.
There are currently no effective treatments for endometriosis.
Things are slowly getting better thanks in part to awareness raised by prominent advocates like Lena Dunham and Padma Lakshmi.
Nevertheless, pain is currently treated with hormones that can have severe side effects and even a hysterectomy does not guarantee the removal of endometriosis lesions.